Bomi’s Tale

Should have

"Should have + past participle"은 다른 사람에게 말할 때 과거에 대해서 조언을 해주거나, 본인이 했던 일중에서 후회를 할 때 사용할 수 있다.

Could have

"Could have + past participle"은 과거에 어떤 것이 가능했거나, 과거에 어떤 것을 할 수 있는 능력이 있었지만, 그것을 하지 않았다는 것을 의미한다.

"Couldn't have + past displeparticiple"은 과거에 하고 싶어도 불가능했던 것을 의미한다.

PULS! --- couldn't do? couldn't have done?

I couldn't do programming - I wasn't be able to do.

I couldn't have done programming - It wasn't possible.

// 이런 느낌의 차이가 있다!

Would have

이 내용은 앞 글에 조건문을 공부했을 때 많이 보았다.

[ref link-1 : Second Conditional]

mibolee.tistory.com/5

[ref link-2 : Third Conditional]

mibolee.tistory.com/8

마지막으로, 나중에 추가적으로 연습이 필요하다면

[ref link]

www.perfect-english-grammar.com/could-have-should-have-would-have-exercise-1.html

3번째 조건문 패턴에 대해서 공부하였다!!

If I had / hadn't....... <STORY>...... I would / wouldn't have........

1) If you hadn't been late, we wouldn't missed the bus

2) If she had studied she would passed the exam

이런 식으로 연습하면 될 것 같다!

혹시 추가적으로 연습이 필요하다면,

[ref link]

www.perfect-english-grammar.com/third-conditional-exercise-1.html

이번에는 used to와 would의 차이를 정리해보려고 한다.

Used to [Used to + 동사원형]

과거의 습관이나 행동! 그러나 지금은 아닌 것.

1) I used to have long hair (but now I have short hiar)

2) He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke)

3) They used to live in india (but now they live in Germany)

그리고 중요한 포인트! 의문형을 만들 때는 "use"를 사용해야 한다. NOT USED!

1) Did you use to be a teacher?

2) Did you use to study French?

3) She didn't use to like chocholate, but she does now.

4) I didn't use to want to have a nice house.

이쯤 되면 슬슬 알겠다. 또 하나의 중요한 포인트! Be verb를 사용하면 안 된다!

CAN'T SAY "I am used to have long hair" XXXXXXXXXXXX

Would

이것 또한 과거의 반복되는 습관이나 행동에 대해서 이야기할 수 있다.

1) When I was a student, we would often have a drink after class on Friday.

2) When I lived in Italy, we would go to a little restaurant near our house.

하지만, 과거에 있었던 상태에 대해서 말할 때는 사용하지 않는다.

so, we CAN'T say "I would have long hair" "I would live in Scotland"

[EXERCISE]

1) I used to have short hair when I was a teenager // 상태이기 때문에 would 사용 X

2) We would go to the same little cafe for lunch every day when I was a student // used to도 사용 가능!

3) She use to love playing badminton before she hurt her shoulder

4) He used to walk along the beach every evening before bed

5) She used to be able to dance very well

이렇게 보니, 과거의 반복적인 일을 말하고 싶을 때, used to와 would를 사용할 수 있다.

하지만 would는 상태에 대해서 말할 때는 사용하면 안 된다!

PULS, Used to - States

(I used to be / I used to live / I used to know / I used to love / I used to feel / I used to be able to / I used to work)

두가지 과거의 사건을 비교하면서 말하고 싶을때 사용한다.

예를들면,

1) South Korea became independent - August 15th 1948 // 대한민국이 독립한 날

2) The Titanic sank - 1912

3) The Berlin Wall was destroyed - 1989

4) The UK voted to leave the EU - 2017

이렇게 4가지 과거중 2가지 일이 있는데 (벌써 끝난 일),

1) 타이타닉사건이 한국의 독립기념일보다는 빨리 발생됐다.

2) 베를린 장벽부신날은 영국 브렉시트보다 빨리 발생됐다.

그래서 영어로 말을 하면

1) When the Titanic sank South Korea had already become independent.

2) When the Berlin Wall was destroyed, The Titanic had already sunk.

3) The Berlin Wall had been destroyed before the UK voted to leave the EU.

[ref link]

www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect.html

If I (과거v), I would (현재) 이런 패턴!

Make the second conditional

1) If I was (be) you, I would get a new job.

2) If he was (be) younger, he would travel more.

3) If we weren't (not/be) friends, I would be angry with you.

4) If I had (have) enough money, I would buy a big house in London.

5) If she wasn't (not/be) always so late, she would be promoted.

Make the question of the second conditional

1) If you won lottery, what would you buy?

2) If you could meet any famous person, who would you like to meet?

3) If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you live?

■ Here is a list of the modal verbs in English :

can / could / may / might / would / mush / shall / should

■ Modals are different from normal verbs :

1) They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.

2) They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').

3) They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

1) 뒤에 's' 안 옴.

2) modal verbs 가 앞에 오게되면 의문문을 만들 수 있다.

3) 뒤에 'to' 오면 안 됨.

[ref link]

www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html

Modal Verbs

- Ability [Can, Could]

1) David can speak three languages

2) He could speak fluent French when he was five.

- Permission [Can, Could, May]

1) Can I have a coffee please?

2) Could I open the window?

3) May I ask you a question?

Polite : Can < Could < May

- Advice [Should]

1) You should go to a doctor about your cough.

2) You should try to be kind.

- Obligation [Mush, Have to]

1) I must memorise grammar rules.

2) You have to drink water every day.

3) You don’t have to drink wine, if you don’t want to.

- Possibility [Might, May, Could, Can]

1) It might be dangerous to go on holiday in this period.

2) My brother may be coming to see me tomorrow.

[ref link]

www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-ability-exercise-1.html

이거는 언제나 해도 헷갈린다... 이론적으로는 이해는 가지만 막상 말하려고 하면 잘 튀어나오질 못한다 ㅠㅠ

그래도 꾸준히 하다보면 잘 나오겠지.

아무래도 시간을 생각하는 개념이 한국과 영국은 다르다 보니 내가 어렵게 생각하는 것 같다.

그래도 이 문법이 엄청 영어쓰는 나라에서는 엄청 중요한 문법이라고 하니 꾸준히 써보려고 노력해야겠다.

그럼 정리!

[Present-perfect] - 현재 완료

■ UNFINISHED

- [How long] Use with : since 2010, since July, for ten years, for three days...

* I've known Karen since 1997 // 나는 Karen을 1997년부터 알고 있어. (1997에도 알았으니 과거이고, 지금 현재도 안다)

* She's lived in London for three years. // 런던에서 3년 동안 살았어. 

■ FINISHED

- [LIFE EXPERIENCE] Use with : ever, never.

* I've been to Tokyo. // 난 도쿄 가본적 있어

* Have you ever been to London? // 가본적 있어? 이런 느낌.

- [NEWS / RECENT EVENTS] Use with : just / yet / already / recently.

* The Queen has given a speech. // 최근에 여왕님이 말씀하셨으니 뉴스..?

- [PRESENT RESULT] 

* I have lost my keys (so I can't get into my house) // 방금 집에 들어가려고 했는데 키를 잃어버려서 못 들어가는 상황

- [UNFINISHED TIME WORD] Use with : this week, today, this month, this year.

* I haven't seen her this month. // 지금 현재 시점에서 이번 달은 아직 진행 중이고 본 적은 없으니까 현재 완료를 쓴다.

[Past-simple] - 과거형

■ PAST

- [Finished Time Word] Use with : yesterday, last night, in 2003, 6 months ago.

* I went to the cinema yesterday. // 어제 영화관 갔어 // 완전 과거

- [Finished Time Period] 

* Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. // 레오나르도는 모나리자를 그렸다. // 아주 먼 옛날에

- [Detals of news]

* I have hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder. // It means I've hurt my leg because I fell off a ladder yesterday.

- [Actions in stories] Use with : the past continuous

* He sat down and ordered a coffe. // 이야기를 말할 때! 그는 앉았고 커피를 주문했다.

■ PRESENT / FUTURE

- [Unreal / Imaginary things] Use with : wish, it's time, second, conditional (if)

* If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.

[EXERCISE]!!!

1) I have seen three police cars this morning.

2) After he arrived home, he unpacked and went to bed early.

3) A : What's wrong? B : I have broken a glass. ( just now)

4) I have been in London for three years. I love it here. -- 음... 근데 나는 보통 I was in London for three years. <- 이렇게 말하는 편이다. 굳이 런던에 있을 때 이런 말을 한다면

(현재 시점에서) " I have been living in London for three years. " 이렇게 말할 것 같다. 음...

5) We saw Julie last night.